官渡之战

奠定曹操统一北方基础的战略决战

东汉末年轰轰烈烈的黄巾农民大起义虽然被镇压下去了，但它却沉重地打击了地主 阶级的统治，使腐朽的东汉政权分崩离析，名存实亡。在镇压黄巾起义的过程中，各地州郡大吏独揽军政大权，地主豪强也纷纷组织“部曲”（私人武装），占据地盘， 形成大大小小的割据势力，转入争权夺利、互相兼并的长期战争，造成中原地区“白骨露于野，千里无鸡鸣”的凄惨景象。当时的割据势力，主要有河北的袁绍、河内的张扬 、 兖豫的曹操、徐州的吕布、扬州的袁术、江东的孙策、荆州的刘表、幽州的公孙瓒、南阳的张绣等。在这些割据势力的连年征战中，袁绍、曹操两大集团逐步发展壮大起来 。

建安三年（198年），袁绍击败公孙瓒，占有青、幽、冀、并四州之地。建安元年， 曹 操把汉献帝挟持到许昌，形成“挟天子以令诸侯”的局面，取得政治上的优势。建安二 年（197年）春，袁术在寿春（今安徽寿县）称帝。曹操即以“奉天子以令不臣”为 名，进讨袁术并将其消灭。接着又消灭了吕布，利用张扬部内讧取得河内郡。从此曹操势力西达关中，东到兖、豫、徐州，控制了黄河以南，淮、汉以北大部地区，从而与袁绍形 成沿黄河下游南北对峙的局面。袁绍的兵力在当时远远胜过曹操，自然不甘屈居于曹操之下，他决心同曹操一决雌雄。建安四年（199年）六月，袁绍挑选精兵10万，战马万匹，企图南下进攻许昌，官渡之战的序幕由此拉开。

袁绍举兵南下的消息传到许昌，曹操部将多认为袁军强大不可敌。但曹操却根据他 对袁绍的了解，认为袁绍志大才疏，胆略不足，刻薄寡恩，刚愎自用，兵多而指挥不明 ，将骄而政令不一，于是决定以所能集中的数万兵力抗击袁绍的进攻。为争取战略上的 主 动，他作出如下部署：派臧霸率精兵自琅玡（今山东临沂北）入青州，占领齐（今山东临淄）、北海（今山东昌乐）、东安（今山东沂水县）等地，牵制袁绍，巩固右翼，防 止袁军从东面袭击许昌；曹操率兵进据冀州黎阳（今河南浚县东，黄河北岸），令于禁 率步骑2000屯守黄河南岸的重要渡口延津（今河南延津北），协助扼守白马（今河南滑县东，黄河南岸）的东郡太守刘延，阻滞袁军渡河和长驱南下，同时以主力在官渡（今河南中牟东北）一带筑垒固守，以阻挡袁绍从正面进攻；派人镇抚关中，拉拢凉州，以稳定翼侧。从以上部署看，曹操所采取的战略方针，不是分兵把守黄河南岸，而是集中兵力，扼守要隘，重点设防，以逸待劳，后发制人。从当时情势而言，这种部署是得当的。首先，袁绍兵多而曹操兵少，千里黄河多处可渡，如分兵把守则防不胜防，不仅 难 以阻止袁军南下，且使自己本已处于劣势的兵力更加分散。其次，官渡地处鸿沟上游 ，濒临汴水。鸿沟运河西连虎牢、巩、洛要隘，东下淮泗，为许昌北、东之屏障，是袁绍夺取许昌的要津和必争之地。加上官渡靠近许昌，后勤补给也较袁军方便。建安四年（199年）十二月，当曹操正部署对袁绍作战时，刘备起兵反操，占领下邳，屯据沛县（今江苏沛县）。刘军增至数万人，并与袁绍联系，打算合力攻曹。曹操为保持许昌与青、兖二州的联系，避免两面作战，于次年二月亲自率精兵东击刘备，迅 速占领沛县 ，转而进攻下邳，迫降关羽。刘备全军溃败，只身逃往河北投奔袁绍。当曹、刘作战正酣之时，有人建议袁绍“举军而袭其后”，但袁绍以儿子有病为辞拒绝采纳， 致使曹操从容击败刘备回军官渡。

建安五年（200年）正月，袁绍发布讨曹檄文，二月进军黎阳，企图渡河寻求与曹军主力决战。他首先派颜良进攻白马的东郡太守刘延，企图夺取黄河南岸要点，以保障主力渡河。四月，曹操为争取主动，求得初战的胜利，亲自率兵北上解救白马之围。此时谋士荀攸认为袁绍兵多，建议声东击西，分散其兵力，先引兵至延津，伪装渡河攻袁 后方，使袁绍分兵向西，然后遣轻骑迅速袭击进攻白马的袁军，攻其不备，定可击败颜良。曹操采纳了这一建议，袁绍果然分兵延津。曹操乃乘机率轻骑，派张辽、关羽为前锋，急趋白马。关羽迅速迫近颜良军，颜良仓促应战被斩杀，袁军溃败。曹操解了白马之围后，迁徙白马的百姓沿黄河向西撤退，袁绍率军渡河追击，军至延津南，派大将文丑与刘备继续率兵追击曹军。曹操当时只有骑兵600，驻于南阪（在白马南）下，而袁军达五六千骑，尚有步兵在后跟进。曹操令士卒解鞍放马，并故意将辎重丢弃道旁。袁 军一见果然中计，纷纷争抢财物。曹操突然发起攻击，终于击败袁军，杀了文丑，顺利退回官渡。

袁军初战失利，但兵力仍占优势。七月，进军阳武（今河南中牟北），准备南下进攻许昌。八月，袁军主力接近官渡，依沙堆立营，东西宽约数十里。曹操也立营与袁军对峙。九月，曹军一度出击，没有获胜，退回营垒坚守。袁绍构筑楼橹，堆土如山，用箭俯射曹营。曹军制作了一种抛石装置的霹雳车，发石击毁了袁军所筑的楼橹。袁军又掘 地道进攻，曹军也在营内掘长堑相抵抗。双方相持3个月，曹操外境困难，前方兵少粮 缺，士卒疲乏，后方也不稳固，曹操几乎失去坚守的信心。荀地道.曹操方面决心坚持危局，加强防守，命负责后勤补给的任峻采取10路纵队为一部，缩短运输 队的前后距离，并用复阵（两列阵），加强护卫，防止袁军袭击；另一方面积极寻求和捕捉战机，击败袁军，不久派徐晃、史涣截击、烧毁袁军数千辆粮车，增加了袁军的困难。

同年十月，袁绍又派车运粮，并令淳于琼率兵万人护送，屯积在袁军大营以北约20 公里的故市（河南延津县内）、乌巢（今河南延津东南）。恰在这时，袁绍谋士许攸投降曹操，建议曹操轻兵奇袭乌巢，烧其辎重。曹操立即付诸实行，留曹洪、荀攸守营垒，亲自率领步骑5000，冒用袁军旗号，衔枚缚马口，每人带一束柴草，利用夜暗走小路偷袭乌巢。到达后立即围攻放火。袁绍听说曹操袭击乌巢，又作出错误处置，只派一部兵力救援乌巢，用主力猛攻官渡曹军营垒。哪知曹营坚固，攻打不下。当曹军急攻乌巢淳于琼营时，袁绍增援的部队已经迫近。曹操励士死战，大破袁军，杀淳于琼，并烧毁其全部粮草。乌巢粮草被烧的消息传到袁军前线，袁军军心动摇，内部分裂。曹军乘势出击,大败袁军。袁绍仓惶带800骑退回河北，曹军先后歼灭和坑杀袁军7万余人，官渡之战就这样以曹胜袁败而告结束。

官渡之战是袁曹双方力量转变、当时中国北部由分裂走向统一的一次关键性战役，对于三国历史的发展有着极其重要的影响。此战曹军的胜利不是偶然的，袁曹间的兼并争，虽属于封建割据势力之间的争斗，但实现地区性的统一，客观上符合人民的愿望 。

曹操在政治上抑制豪强，得到中小地主阶级的拥护；“挟天子以令诸侯”，使自己处于有利的政治地位；注意网罗人才，得到地主阶级知识分子的拥护；经济上实行屯田，不仅较有效地解决了后勤供应，且在一定程度上安定了社会生活，赢得了民心。除此之外， 作战指导上的高明也是他取得胜利的重要因素。曹操根据敌强己弱的具体情况，采取后退一步，以逸待劳，后发制人的作战方针。在防御作战中，能从被动中力争主动，指挥 灵活；面临危局，坚定沉着；善于捕捉战机，果断施行；善于听取部属意见，紧紧抓住 奇袭乌巢这一关键环节，终于取得胜利。反观袁绍，政治上纵容豪强，兼并土地，任意搜刮，因而遭到人民反对。袁绍内部不和，又骄傲轻敌，刚愎自用，不能采纳部 属的正 确建议，迟疑不决，一再丧失良机。终致粮草被烧，后路被抄，军心动摇，内部分裂，全军溃败。


Battle of Guandu

Cao Cao basis for the reunification of the north decisive strategy

The end of the Eastern Han Dynasty speculation Huangjin intifada Although farmers were repressed, but it has dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the landlord class, to the Eastern Han Dynasty decadent regime fragmentation, exists in name only. Huangjin repression in the course of the intifada, dominated throughout gun ranking military and political power, the landlord Despotic also organized "steps" (private forces), occupy the site, thus forming various forces of separatism, into compliments, mutual mergers long war, resulting in the Central Plains region "marina Lu Yu Ye, Li Jiming no "miserable scene. Then segmentation forces, mainly in Hebei Yuan Shao, Hanoi publicity, the Cao Cao Yan Yu, the house of Xuzhou, Yangzhou the YUAN, Dong Sun Ce, the Jingzhou Liu Biao, the Gongsunzan You, Zhang Xiu, the Nanyang. These forces of separatism in successive campaign, Yuan Shao, Cao Cao two groups gradually develop and grow strong.

Jianan 2003 (198), Yuan Shao beat Gongsunzan, possession-unseen, Hebei, and four state land. Annual Jian'an, Cao Cao Han took to the Xuchang, forming "depending emperor to make princes" situation, the political advantage. Jianan 2002 (197) - chun, YUAN in Shouchun (today Anhui Shouxian) king. Cao Cao, "not to make the Fengtian-Hill," and Jin and the eradication of Taoyuan. Then the eradication of the house, using the publicity of internal strife Hanoi County. Cao Cao's forces from west Guanzhong, east to Yan, Henan, Xuzhou, control of the south of the Yellow River, Huai and Han in most areas north, and Yuan Shao formed along the lower reaches of the Yellow River North-South confrontation. Yuan Shao strength was far better than in Cao Cao, Cao Cao was naturally unwilling ranks, he was determined to carry with Cao Cao. Jianan four years (199) in June, 100,000 Yuan Shao selected elite, battle 10,000, Xuchang to the south offensive, the Battle of Guandu prelude show.

Yuan Shao Ju-Bing south to the news reached Xuchang, Cao Cao Jun Yuan that the Ministry will be more powerful an enemy. But Cao Cao Yuan Shao was based on his understanding that Yuan Shao 1925-29, courage inadequate mean Guaen, opinionated and more soldiers and unknown command, arrogance and mixed decree, therefore decided to concentrate on the tens of thousands of troops to fight against Yuan Shao offensive. As for strategic initiatives, he made the following arrangements: Zang rogue faction of the elite Fraunhofer Poh (Shandong Linyi this North) to Qingzhou, occupation Qi (Shandong Linzi today), the North Sea (Shandong Changle today), Dongan (this Yishui County in Shandong), contain Yuan Shao, consolidating the right-wing, anti - only Yuan Jun Xuchang attacks from the east; US According to Cao Cao Jin Yang Li Jizhou (East this county in Henan Province, the Yellow River North), was banned in 2000 Buji Tuen Shou south bank of the Yellow River Ferry important happening (this happening Henan North) to assist controls the Baima (East this county in Henan Province, the Yellow River Coast) purchases Prefecture Chief Liu Yan, Yuan Jun block to cross the river and drive south, the main force in the Guandu (Henan Zhongmou this northeast) area Zhulei stick to stop Yuan Shao from the frontal assault; sent Shang Guan, roping Liangzhou to stabilize the wing. From the above arrangements, Cao Cao taken by the strategic approach, not relying Coast guard the Yellow River, but its force Yaoai controls, security focus to the question Plaza, struck. From that situation, this is properly deployed. First, more and Cao Cao Yuan Shao Bing Bing Shao, several thousand miles to the Yellow River Hydropower Plant, as the code hard to prevent mishaps, not only fail to stop Yuan Jun south, and this has made its own troops are at a disadvantage more dispersed. Second, divide the Guandu located upstream of endangered Bianshui. Even Hulao Canal West divide, Gong, Luo Yao E, East under Huaisi, Xuchang North, East barrier is the latest in Xuchang Yuan Shao to win and fought. With close to Xuchang Guandu, Yuan Jun logistics than convenience. Jianan 2004 (199) December, when Cao Cao Yuan Shao is the deployment of combat, Liu Bei parade started anti-occupation Xiapi, Tuen According Peixian County (now Jiangsu Peixian County). Liu to tens of thousands of people, and Yuan Shao link together to attack Cao. Cao Cao to maintain Xuchang and Green, Yan 2, the link to two operations, the following year in February personally led the elite East blow Liu Bei, and quickly occupied Peixian County, in turn offensive Xiapi, landing Guan Yu. Liu Bei defeated army, fled to Hebei alone defected Yuan Shao. When Cao, Liu height of the war, it was suggested Yuan Shao "give-and subsequent passage," but a son is sick Yuan Shao rejects the speech, which easily beat Cao Cao Liu Bei to officers through.

Jianan five years (200) lunar, Yuan Shao Cao official review released in February into Yang Li, Cao and attempted to cross the river to seek major decisive. He first sent the Yellow fact offensive Baima Prefecture Chief Liu Yan, an attempt to win points south coast of the Yellow River, in order to protect the main force to cross the river. In April, Cao Cao to gain the initiative, obtained initial victory, personally rescued Baima north of the US Circuit. At this time counselors Xunyou that Yuan Shao Bing, proposed making a feint, dispersed its forces, first to Yinbing happening, camouflage cross the river to attack the rear Yuan, Yuan Shao occur west, and then quickly sent Qingqi Baima the offensive attack Yuan Jun, unexpectedly, could be defeated fact. Cao Cao adopted this recommendation, relying Yuan Shao really happening. Cao Cao is the opportunity of scooters and sent Sean, Guan Yu striker, Baima more urgent. Guan Yu Jun rapidly approaching fact, been beheaded fact hastily buckled down, Yuan Jun defeat. Cao Cao of the white horse of Wai, Baima movement of people along the Yellow River westward retreat, Yuan Shao cross the river in pursuit of terrorists, military happening to the South, were famous generals, Liu Bei and Cao continued US pursuit. Cao Cao was only 600 cavalry, in the south slope (in Whitehorse South), and up to 6,000 Yuan Jun riding, there are follow-up after the infantry. Cao Cao soldiers of the saddle-horse, and deliberately discarded military-ancillary. Jun Yuan in a really see in terms of competition for their belongings. Cao Cao sudden attack, and finally beat Jun Yuan, a famous killed and smooth return Guandu.

Yuan Jun initial defeat, but still strength advantage. In July, and the advance-- (Henan this Zhongmou North), offensive Xuchang to the south. In August, Yuan Jun main near Guandu, depending on the sand legislation camp, dozens of things in width. Also Cao Cao Li Yuan Jun confrontation with the operators. In September, Cao was offensive, not win, returned camps stick. Lu Yuan Shao build buildings, bulldozers mountains, underhand shot with arrows camp. Cao produced a riprap devices Perak cars, Jun Yuan Fa Shi destroyed by the construction of buildings organizations. Yuan Jun offensive and dig Road, Cao also cutting long excavation camp with the resistance. The two sides stalemate for three months, Cao Cao, Habitat difficulties ahead Bingshao grain shortage, soldiers tired and not solid rear, Cao Cao firm almost lost confidence. Xun  Road. Cao Cao's side is determined to uphold critical, to strengthen defense, responsible for the logistics of life REN take 10 columns for a road to shorten the distance before and after the transport team, and with complex matrix (two arrays), to strengthen security to prevent attacks Yuan Jun; On the other hand actively seek and capture fighters, beat Yuan Jun, Xu Huang soon send Shi Huan interception, burning Yuan Jun thousands of grain trucks, an increase of Yuan Jun difficulties.

In October, Yuan Shao also issuing grain, and the 10,000 people Chunyu Qiong US convoy, Yuan Jun accumulation in the camp 20 km to the north of it (Yanjin County of Henan), Wu Chao (Henan happening this southeast). And then, Cao Cao Yuan Shao counselors Xuyou surrender, the proposed light Cao Cao Wu Chao-attack, firing its military weight. Cao Cao immediately implemented, in Cao Hong, Xunyou Shou camps, personally led the Buji 5000, impersonation Yuan Jun banner, the title-tie-mouth, with each beam straw, use dark corners were cut attack on Wu Chao. Immediately after the fire arrived at the siege. Cao Cao attacked Wu Chao Yuan Shao heard, make a wrong disposal, only to send a rescue force Wu Chao, with the main force, sailors, Guandu Cao camps. However holds strong, attacking over. When Cao terrific camp Qiong Wu Chao Chunyu, Yuan Shao troop reinforcements have been looming. Cao Cao Li disabilities fight, broken Yuan Jun, killing Chunyu Wang Gang, and burned all of its fodder. Fodder Wu Chao Yuan Jun burnt the news reached the front, Yuan Jun shaken morale, internal division. Cao moved out, 18th Jun Yuan. Yuan Shao disarray riding with 800 return Hebei, Cao has killed more than 20,000 and repress Yuan Jun 7, the Battle of Guandu this to Cao Sheng Yuan defeated archenemy.

Battle of Guandu Cao Yuan is the force into two, then split from northern China to move toward unification a key battle, the history of the development of the three countries have extremely important implications. This war Cao victory was not accidental, Cao Yuan mergers among factions belonging to feudal separatism is the struggle between the forces, but achieving regional unity, objectively with the people's wishes.

Cao Cao Despotic political suppression, by the support of small landlord class; "Emperor to embrace the princes" to themselves in a favorable political status; To recruit talent, by the support of the landlord class intellectuals; Economic Tuntian implemented not only more effective in solving the logistical supply, and to a certain extent, stability and social life, winning the hearts of the people. In addition, operational guidance, he is also a brilliant success of the important factors. Cao Cao under enemy has been weak-specific situations to step back to the Plaza to be, striking the operational policy. In defense operations, from the passive strive initiative, flexible command; Facing critical, firm calm; Good capture fighters, decisive implementation; Be good at listening to their subordinates, Wu Chao lies firmly grasp the key link, and finally achieved victory. But Yuan Shao, political connivance Despotic, annexation of land, arbitrary plundered, which was against the people. Internal and Yuan Shao, strength proud, opinionated and not the right to adopt their subordinates, hesitation, repeatedly lost opportunities. By the end fodder burned, posterior be copied, the military shaken, internal division, the military defeat.
参考资料：lingoes